This course studies the fundamentals of how the design and operation of internal combustion engines affect their performance, efficiency, fuel requirements, and environmental impact. Topics include fluid flow, thermodynamics, combustion, heat transfer, friction phenomena, and fuel properties, with reference to engine power, efficiency, and emissions. Students examine the design features and operating characteristics of different types of internal combustion engines: spark-ignition, diesel, stratified-charge, and mixed-cycle engines

COURSE OUTLINE

Fundamentals of Internal Combustion Engines

Engine & Heat Engine

Comparison of Internal and External combustion engines

Pros and Cons of Internal Combustion engines

Engine classification.

Classification of the Basis of Cycle of Operation

Classification of the Basis of Type of Fuel Used

Classification of the Basis of Method of Charging

Classification of the Basis of Type of Ignition

Classification of the Basis of Type of Cooling

Classification of the Basis of Cylinder Arrangement

Basic engine components of  IC Engine

Nomenclature of IC Engine

Four-stroke Spark Ignition SI Engines (Gasoline or Otto) & P-V AND T-S Diagrams of Otto Cycle

Four-stroke Compression Ignition CI Engines (Diesel) & P-V AND T-S Diagrams of Diesel Cycle

Comparison of four-stroke Spark Ignition SI and Compression Ignition CI Engines

Interactive learning of engine components and classification

Application of IC and EC Engines.

Comparison of Four-Stroke and Two-Stroke Engines

Engine performance parameters

Indicated Thermal Efficiency

Brake Thermal Efficiency

Mechanical Efficiency

Volumetric Efficiency

Relative Efficiency

Mean Effective pressure

Mean piston speed

Specific Power Output

Specific fuel consumption

Fuel-air (?/?) or Air-fuel Ratio (?/?)

Equivalence ratio

Calorific Value

Problem-based learning of Engine measurement and testing (Numerical)

Otto cycle

Derivation for expressions of Thermal Efficiency, Work output, and Mean

Effective Pressure of the Air Standard Otto cycle

Problem-based learning of the Air Standard Otto cycle (Numerical)

Diesel cycle

Derivation for expressions of Thermal Efficiency, Work output and Mean

Effective Pressure of the Air Standard Diesel cycle

Problem-based learning of the Air Standard Diesel cycle (Numerical)

Dual cycle

Derivation for expressions of Thermal Efficiency, Work output and Mean

Effective Pressure of the Air Standard Dual cycle.

Problem-based learning of the Air Standard Dual cycle (Numerical)

Comparison of Otto, Diesel, and Dual Cycles

Understand the Brayton Cycle

How to do soft calculations and plotting in excel for Solving Numerical

Why it is important to study types of fuels and their characteristics?

Types of fuels (Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Fuels)

Chemical structure of Petroleum

Important qualities of SI engine fuels

Volatility

Starting & Warm-up

Operating range performance:

Crankcase Dilution

Vapor Lock Characteristics:

Antiknock Quality

Gum Deposits

Sulphur Content

Important qualities of CI engine fuels

Knock Characteristics

Volatility

Starting Characteristics

Smoking and Odour

Viscosity

Corrosion and Wear

Handling Ease

Rating of SI & CI Engine Fuels

The calorific value of fuel

Why there is a need for alternate fuels?

Alcohol as a fuel

Hydrogen as a fuel

Natural gas as a fuel

LPG as fuel

Carburetor In Internal Combustion Engines

Factors Affecting Carburetion

The Engine Speed

Vaporization Characteristics of the Fuel

The temperature of Incoming Air

Design

Air-Fuel Mixture Requirements

Idling/ Starting

Cruising/ Normal Power

Maximum Power/ Acceleration

Components of Carburetor

Fuel Strainer

Float Chamber

Fuel Discharge Nozzle

Choke Valve

Throttle Valve

Principle of Carburetion

Deficiencies of the Elementary Carburetor

Understand Modern Carburetor Design

Compensating Devices

Air Bleed Jet

Compensating Jet

Emulsion Tube

Types of Carburetor Based on Direction of Flow

Up-draught

Down-draught

Cross –draught

Calculation of air Fuel Ratio in Carburetor

Problem-based learning of the Carburetor (Numerical)

Mechanical Injection Systems

Comparison between Carburetor and Mechanical Injection Systems

Functional Requirements of Injection Systems

Classification of Injection Systems

Air Injection System

Solid (Airless) Injection System

Main Components and working of Mechanical Injection Systems

Various Fuel Injection Systems

Individual Pump and Nozzle Systems

Unit Injector System

Common Rail System

Distributor System

Comparison of Various Fuel Injection System

Types of Pump in Fuel Injection Systems

Fuel Feed Pumps

Injection Pumps

Jerk Type Pumps

Distributor Type Pumps

Injection Pump Governor

Mechanical Governor

Pneumatic Governor

Fuel Injector Assembly and its working

Nozzle in Combustion Chamber

Functions of Nozzle

Types of Nozzles

Spray formation in Combustion Chamber

Quantity of Fuel and Size of Nozzle Orifice

Injection in SI Engines (Continued and Time Injection)

Combustion Process and Combustion Chambers in IC Engines

Introduction to Combustion

Combustion Reactions and Equations

Calorific Valves & Homogenous mixture of air and fuel for Combustion

Combustion in SI Engines

Stages of Combustion in SI Engines

Flame Front Propagation

Factors influencing the flame speed during Combustion

Temperature and Pressure

Engine Output

Engine Speed

Engine Size

Phenomena of Knock in SI Engines

Effects of Engine Variables on Knocking

Density Factors

Time Factors

Composition Factors

Combustion in CI Engines

Stages of Combustion in CI Engines

Ignition Delay Period

Period of Rapid / Uncontrolled Combustion

Period of controlled Combustion

Factors affecting the delay period

Compression Ratio

Intake Temperature

Intake Pressure

Quality of Fuels

Speed

Output

Atomization and Duration of Injection

Injection Timing

Comparison between SI and CI Engine Knocking

Characteristics of tending to Reduce Detonation or Knock

Combustion Chambers of SI and CI Engines

Numerical Problems Combustion and Combustion Chambers

Internal Combustion Engine Emissions and Control

Introduction to IC Engine Emissions

Air Pollution due to IC Engine

Euro Norms / European Emission Standards

Classification of Engine Emissions

Causes of Hydrocarbon Emission

Incomplete Combustion

Crevice Volumes and Flow in Crevices

Leakage past the Exhaust Valves

Valve Overlap

Deposits on Walls

Oil on Combustion Chamber Walls

HC Emissions from SI and CI Engines

Other Types of Engine Emissions

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Emissions

Photochemical Smog

Particulates Emission

Aldehydes and Lead Emission

Oxides of Sulfur (SOx) Emissions

Engine Emissions Controls

Modification in Engine Design & Operating Parameters

Combustion Chamber Configuration

Lower Compression Ratio

Modified Induction System

Ignition Timing

Reduced Valve Overlap

Emissions Control by Exhaust Gas Oxidation

Thermal Converters

Catalytic Converters

Exhaust Manifold Reactor

Exhaust Gas Recirculation

Particulate Traps

Crankcase Blowby

Emission Control by Modification of Fuels

Lubrication and Lubrication Systems in IC Engines

Introduction to Lubrication

Lubrication and its Functions

Physical and Chemical Stability of Lubricant

Properties and Viscocity  of Lubricants

Flash Point and Free Point Temperature

Cloud Point and Pour Point Temperature

Oiliness, Anti Corrosive and Emulsification

Adhesiveness, Film Strength & Specific Gravity

Neutralization Number

Lubricating Oil Additives

Detergents

Dispersants

Anti-Wear Additives

Rust Inhibitors

Viscosity Index Improvers

Pour Point Additives

Anti-Foaming Agents

Anti-Oxidants

Oiliness Improvement

Type of Lubricants

Mineral Oils

Fatty Oils

Synthetic Oils

Multi-Grade Oils

Greases

Lubrication Systems

Wet Sump Lubrication System

Dry Sump Lubrication System

Mist Lubrication System

Engine Cooling Systems for IC Engines

The necessity of Engine Cooling

Demerits of Over Cooling

Gas Temperature Variation

Effects of Operating Variables on Engine Heat Transfer

Compression Ratio

Air Fuel Ratio

Ignition Timing

Load and Speed

Cooling Systems

Air-Cooling Systems

Liquid/Water Cooling Systems