Historical Back Ground:

     The operational Amplifier was developed for use in Analog Computers in the 1940's.Early Operational Amplifiers used Vacuum Tubes were large in size and consumed large amount's of Power.

     In 1967 FairChild  Semiconductor introduced the first Integrated circuit Op=Amp. Todays Operational Amplifiers are far super then there Vacuum tube predserors. They are much smaller consume much less power and can be bought  for a few dollars.

Introduction   

     The Operational Amplifier "(or Op-Amp) is a high Performance Linear Amplifier with an amazing variety of uses. The Op-Amp has two inputs, (-) inverting and (+) and non-inverting and one output. The polarity  of a signal applied to the output. A Signal applied to the non-inverting input retains it's polarity  at the Output.

   The gain of an Op-amp is determined by a feedback resistor that feeds some of the amplified signal from the output to the inverting. This reduces the amplitude of the output signal, hence the gain. The smaller the resistor, the lower the gain.

Al explains the  following Operational Amplifier Principles,

Slew Rate

Frequency Bandwidth

Power Supply Specs

inverting input explained

Non Inverting Input explained

Non-inverting Configuration explained

Inverting Configuration explained

Voltage follower

Summing Amplifier

High Pass Filters

Low Pass Filters

Band Pass Filters

Notch Filters

Integrator's

Frequency response Curve

Open loop Gain

Closed loop gain

Resistor Feed Back Structure

Input Impedance

How to Balance the Input of the Operational Amplifier